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ALKYLATIONS
e. g.: alkylation with acrylonitrile

X1 = OH, CH3CO2
X2, X3 = Cl, F

CONDENSATIONS / CYCLIZATIONS
e. g.: condensations of dicarbonyl compounds with derivatives of thioureas to form thiouracils

R = Me, Et
R1, R2, R3, R4 = H, Alkyl, Aryl, Phenyl

CONDENSATIONS / CYCLIZATIONS
e. g.: condensations of malonic esters with derivatives of ureas, thioureas, resp. guanidines to form barbiturates

R = Me, Et
R1 = H, Alkyl, Aryl, Phenyl

CYANATIONS
e. g.: reaction of sodium cyanide to formamides

R1, R2 = Alkyl
R3 = Aryl, Phenyl

HYDROGENATIONS
e. g.: synthesis of tetrahydrofurans

QUATERNIZATIONS
e. g.: reaction between amines and alkyl halides to form quaternary ammonium compounds

R, R1, R2, R3 = Alkyl, Aryl
X = Br, Cl, OH

SALIFICATIONS
e. g.: synthesis of hydrochlorides

SAPONIFICATIONS
e. g.: carbonic acids from carbonic esters

R = Aryl, Phenyl